Types of lighting
SIDE LIGHTING
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This lighting emphasizes texture on your subject. It can be dramatic and used to show the details.
Side lighting in portraits can create dramatic scary effects.
BACK LIGHTING
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Back lighting can be the trickiest because the camera is shooting into the light. This is used when trying to create a silhouette affect of your subject.
Reflector Lighting
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Using a reflector when lighting will reflect light onto a dark part of a subject. A white piece of poster board or paper can be used when a reflector isn't available. Car sun shades can also be used to achieve the same affect.
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This is used popularly when shooting portraits.
FLAT LIGHTING
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Flat lighting is used to create images with a small amount of shadows. This can be done during an overcast day or in the mornings and evenings when the sun isn't too high.